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attribution bias
In psychology, an attribution bias or attributional bias is a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others' behaviors.〔Heider, F. (1958). "The psychology of interpersonal relations", New York: Wiley, 322 p.〕〔Kelley, H.H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.) ''Nebraska Symposium on Motivation'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press〕〔Abramson, L.Y., Seligman, M.E., & Teasdale, J.D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. ''Journal of Abnormal Psychology'', 87(1), 49–74. 〕 People constantly make attributions regarding the cause of their own and others’ behaviors; however, attributions do not always accurately mirror reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, people are prone to perceptual errors that lead to biased interpretations of their social world.〔Funder, D.C. (1987). Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment. ''Psychological Bulletin'', 101(1), 75–90. 〕〔Nisbett, R.E. & Ross, L. (1980). ''Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment'', Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.〕
Attribution biases were first discussed in the 1950s and 60s by psychologists such as Fritz Heider, who studied attribution theory.〔Heider, F. (1958). "The psychology of interpersonal relations", New York: Wiley, 322 p.〕 Other psychologists, such as Harold Kelley and Ed Jones expanded Heider's early work by identifying conditions under which people are more or less likely to make different types of attributions.
Attribution biases are present in everyday life, and therefore are an important and relevant topic to study. For example, when a driver cuts us off, we are more likely to attribute blame to the reckless driver (''e.g.'', “What a jerk!”), rather than situational circumstances (''e.g.'', “Maybe they were in a rush and didn’t notice me"). Additionally, there are many different types of attribution biases, such as the ultimate attribution error, fundamental attribution error, actor-observer bias, and hostile attribution bias. Each of these biases describes a specific tendency that people exhibit when reasoning about the cause of different behaviors.
Since the early work, researchers have continued to examine how and why people exhibit biased interpretations of social information.〔Kelley, H.H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.) ''Nebraska Symposium on Motivation'', Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press〕〔Jones, E.E. & Davis, K.E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: the attribution process in social psychology. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) ''Advances in experimental social psychology'', 2, 220–226. Florida: Academic Press〕 Many different types of attribution biases have been identified, and more recent psychological research on these biases has examined how attribution biases can subsequently affect emotions and behavior.〔Jones, E.. & Nisbett, R.E. (1971). ''The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behaviors.'' New York: General Learning Press.〕〔Crick, N.R. & Dodge, K.A. (1996). Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. ''Child Development'', 67(3), 993–1002. 〕〔Camodeca, M., Goossens, F.A., Schuengel, C. & Terwogt, M.M. (2003). Links between social informative processing in middle childhood and involvement in bullying. ''Aggressive Behavior'', 29(2), 116–127. 〕
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